Summer Reflections 2010 Post #8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Summer Reflections 2010 Post #8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog John Hughes just graduated from SIPA and during his second year of study worked in our office.   He is spending the better part of the summer in the office to assist with projects and help fill in for a staff member on maternity leave.   John is set up for a job in Washington, D.C. and will be moving there in August (our second largest alumni network in the world is in D.C if you were interested). I asked John to reflect a bit on his experience as a SIPA student and contribute to the blog over the summer.   This is entry #8. ___________________________ One thing I love about New York is the amazing variety of food you can find here.   As a disclaimer my wife and I actually cook quite a bit and only eat out occasionally.   That said, here are a few places I checked out over the last two years that you may just enjoy: 1)      PIZZAâ€"New York is known for its pizza, and you more or less can’t go wrong with a slice from virtually any place you come across (unfortunately, the pizza places in Morningside Heights are an exception to this).   However, if you want really good pizza I’d recommend checking out Lucali in Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn.   This little place is tucked away in the edges of this neighborhood, a good bit from the closest subway and off the beaten track.   Making the trip is absolutely worth it, however.   The owners post whatever ingredients they have available each day, and diners are free to choose from these ingredients to top either a pizza or Calzone.   The pizza is hands down the best I’ve had in New York, and the place is BYOB. 2)      MEXICANâ€"Having spent a number of years living in California and a summer in central Texas, I’ve tried hard to find a place in New York that serves good Cali-Mexican or Tex-Mex food.   Unfortunately, this is one cuisine that New York does not excel in.   Luckily, there are a few places to get your fill:   Taqueria Y Fonda, at 108th and Amsterdam, serves very solid tacos and tortas.   I’d especially recommend the Al Pastor taco.   Stay away from the burritos, however.   If you are craving a burrito, the closest I’ve found to California is at Dos Toros in Union Square.   The place claims to make San Franciso style burritos, and come reasonably close in validating this claim.   For good sit-down Mexican (actual Mexican) I’d recommend Papatzul in Soho.   Very good stuff.   Finally, on the weekends in good weather there are people selling real Mexican and central American food from food stands at the Red Hook Ball Fields in Brooklyn.   This place is a hike if you don’t live in Brooklyn, but the food is worth it. 3)      INDIANâ€"Indian Café, at 108th and Broadway, serves very good Indian and is within walking (or delivery) distance of Columbia.   I’m pretty sure that New York has great Indian places all over, but this has been my go to place. 4)      MALAYSIANâ€"Nyonya in Little Italy.   This place seems out of place in a neighborhood marked by an ever-shrinking Italian presence that is being overtaken by an ever-expanding Chinese presence.   However, the food is spot on and very authentic.   Very cheap, too. 5)      VIETNAMESEâ€"Banh Mi Saigon, also in Little Italy, has amazing Vietnamese sandwiches.   Plus, the enormous said sandwich only costs about $4. 6)      ITALIANâ€"Though the restaurants above are worth making the trip to Little Italy for, I’d stay away from the Italian restaurants here.   Most are overly touristy and overpriced.   For real Italian travel to the Belmont section of the Bronx, just outside of Fordham University.   Roberto’s, on Arthur Avenue, is absolutely amazing.   It’s not cheap, but I had one of the best Italian meals I have ever had in my entire life.   This place was better than anything I’ve had in Boston’s North End, and held its own with the best meals I had in Italy, too. 7)      UYGHUR FOODâ€"While living in China I became a huge fan of Uyghur food, the Turkik Muslim minority in China’s northwest Xinjiang region.   These guys set up stands all over China selling the most amazing lamb, naan and hand-drawn noodles.   From what I understand there are only three Uyghur restaurants in the United States, and all three are here in New York.   I’ve only made it to one, unfortunately, but it was very good.   It’s called Café Arzu, and is in Rego Park, Queens.   The restaurant (like the other two I believe) is actually a combination of Uyghur/Uzbek/Bukharian food.   As such, it wasn’t quite the same as the Uyghur food I had in China, but very good and cheap nonetheless. 8)      THAI FOODâ€"Room Service, in Chelsea, has the best Pad Thai I’ve had outside of Thailand.   It’s even wrapped inside of an omelette, just like I saw a few times in Thailand.   Their other thai food is quite tasty as well.   This place is not super cheap, but not expensive either. 9)      BURGERâ€"If you’re looking for a good burger in Morningside Heights I’d recommend the burger at Vareli, a new wine bar/restaurant that just opened on Broadway.   The burger is only $9, and is quite good.   The Shake Shack on the Upper West Side and the Corner Bistro in the West Village are also strong contenders. 10)      CHINESEâ€"Columbia Cottage, just down the road from school, is a sneaky name for what is actually a Chinese restaurant.   The food is pretty good, not stellar, but definitely worth it for your Chinese fix.   If you want more authentic Chinese I’d recommend skipping Chinatown in Manhattan and going straight to the Chinatown in Flushing, Queens.   I don’t recall the name of the restaurant I ate at there, but from what I understand you can’t really go wrong for cheap, really good, authentic Chinese food. 11)      Cubanâ€"I’d recommend skipping the food at Havana Central by school (though the drinks are pretty good), and instead heading downtown for your Cuban fix.   Café Cortadito in the West Village is stellar, as is Café Cubano in Nolita and its sister restaurant, Habana Outpost, in Fort Greene, Brooklyn. 12)      Brazilianâ€"Esperanto, in the East Village, is very, very good.   I highly recommend the Moqueca Bahiana. The restaurants/cuisines I’ve listed here represent an amazingly tiny fraction of what New York has to offer.   You can literally find food here from every corner of the world, though you have to be willing to go out and find it.   Explore neighborhoods outside of Manhattan and you will sometimes feel like you are in a different country.   The food variety is the embodiment of the amazing global culture that defines New York.   This city is international like no other (except London, perhaps).   I can’t think of a better place to study international affairs.

Climate Change Global Warming - 1303 Words

Jasdeep Shergill Professor Idil Boran Phil 3595 November 7th 2015 Climate change also known as global warming is a worldwide occurrence that alters the world climate in a negative way as a result of the astonishing levels carbon dioxide. The first signs of global warming arose at the beginning of the 20th century, making it impossible to end as the impacts of climate change have progressed so far. Industrialized nations are heavily bound by climate change treaties as they set out goals for emission reductions. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that outlines two ideas; the fact that climate change is present and secondly, that human activity (carbon dioxide) has initiated it. The Protocol only applies to first world countries, as they have contributed the greatest to climate change by emitting 150 years’ worth of emissions into the air. Furthermore, the notion of â€Å"common but differentiated responsibilities† states that all countries are supposed to be addressing climate change however; they aren’t equally liable . There are two types of justices that can be related to climate change; distributive justice and corrective justice. However; in this paper the corrective justice approach would be argued as it relies on moral perceptions, dealing with offenders and their victims (Posner Sunstein, 1591). According to corrective justice, difficulties will be experienced in political-decision making negotiations as it is a moral idea dealing with incorrect behavior thatShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. 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Feminism And Anorexi A Complex Alliance - 888 Words

Feminism and Anorexia In America today, there are unrealistic beauty standards women must face daily. When women can not meet this idea of perfection pushed by society, some women will risk their health just to fit a cultural stigma. Women are held to an insanely high criterion when it comes to beauty which tends to lead to negative body image. Ten percent of women in The United States of America report symptoms consistent with eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. Which concludes that a total of 75 percent of all American women endorse some unhealthy thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to food or their body image-UNC Medical Department Although eating disorders are not subjective to women only, after reading â€Å"Beating Anorexia and Gaining Feminism† Marni Grossman and â€Å"Feminism and Anorexia: A Complex Alliance† Su Holmes, I will discuss how eating disorders coexist in the lives of women who struggle with body image, and what feminism can do to give thes e women a second chance. While reading â€Å"Beating Anorexia and Gaining Feminism† Marni Grossman, Grossman models how a woman’s image reins supreme towering over any other attribute she may posses merely to fit the beauty norm. By sharing her personal experience about recovering from anorexia, Grossman explains how feminism saved her life. Although growing up in a feminist-friendly household, she became engrossed in the standard of beauty mass-media projects at the age of 16. Because of the social

Concocting a Divisive Theory Free Essays

Concocting a Divisive Theory The phenomenal recovery of an mtDNA section from the arm of the Feldhofer Cave Neandertal was greeted with the enthusiasm and yes, even with the ballyhoo it deserved. 1 It was a truly important discovery, and from a research lab that every bit late as a twelvemonth before had predicted it could n’t be done. The protagonists of the theory that Neandertal mans are a different species were beyond exuberance ( few others were quoted on the issue ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Concocting a Divisive Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now And so, in a crescendo of excitement, Stringer and McKie2 delivered their putsch de gra?ce in a New York Times op-ed discoursing the significance of the Neandertal mtDNA findings: The deductions for the thought of race are profound. If modern humanity is made up of people who are all recent posterities of a few African innovators, it is every bitclear that Homosexual sapiens must be a startlingly homogeneous species. We merely hold non had clip to diverge genetically in any meaningful mode. However, some scientists and those with narrow political dockets have put frontward statements to prolong the thought that races exist with cardinal biological differences. Alternatively of concocting dissentious theories, we would be better served to acknowledge the importance of recent informations that will assist us happen the properties that separated Homo sapiens from other early worlds like the Neanderthals. Is this more opera or is it all over? Have the antediluvian DNA surveies brought us a existent discovery and ended the Neandertal contention so exhaustively that the lone holdouts should halt concocting their dissentious theories because they can merely differ if they have a political docket about race? Tattersall3 believes it is all over. He interprets the mtDNA consequences as demoing that the Neandertals were a distinguishable species for 600,000 old ages. For this reading, one must presume that the history of the Neandertal mtDNA line of descent section is a population history, that invariably roll uping mutants are the exclusive cause of mtDNA development, and that the mutant rate of mtDNA is known with sufficient truth to day of the month the putative split. Belief in the Eve theory of modern human beginnings is the most of import requirement for these premises because it ties mtDNA history to population history through the account that low mtDNA diverseness inworlds comes from a recent population- size constriction ( in this instance, a new species ) . It is no surprise that Eve theoreticians reacted to the intelligence with joy. It is non that I want to rain on anybody ‘s parade, but there are some shrewish inside informations. Let ‘s expression at what was really done. Krings and coworkers1 reported that the 379 base-pair section of mtDNA found in the Feldhofer specimen has 27 differences from the mention human sequence and, significantly, that 25 of these differences were at places that varied in at least one of their comparative human samples of 2,051 persons. When the Neandertal sequence was compared with 994 modern-day human line of descents of known geographic beginning, the figure of differences was more than three times greater than the average figure of differences between the worlds. But possibly the most surprising determination was that several of the worlds were found to differ from each other more than the Neanderthal differs from some worlds. Lineages in the human sample have between 1 and 24 pairwise differences reflecting mutants, while the Neandertal differed from these worlds by between 22 and 36 mutants. Taking the difference in ages into history, every bit good as the fact that any peculiar mtDNA line from that clip had merely a little opportunity of prevailing until today, this form of fluctuation is to be expected, given that an ancient Neanderthal man is being compared with modern-day worlds. In such a comparing, the pairwise differences must ever be greater than they would be for the ascendants of the modern-day worlds in the analysis who were populating at the same clip as the Neandertal. This is because the modern-day homo mtDNA lines have had a longer clip to mutate. Whether the magnitude of fluctuation is to be expected is a different inquiry. The reply could depend on the mtDNA mutant rate. Here, excessively, there have been surprising finds. Until late, the rate of alteration for human mtDNA was determined phylogenetically. Dates for mtDNA coalescency were estimated by comparing the maximal pairwise difference among worlds to the figure of differences dividing human and chimpanzee sequences. Dates for human and chimpanzee divergency were so used to gauge the rate of alteration. The Neanderthal divergency day of the month estimated by Krings coworkers assumes a mutant rate at about the center of the But possibly the most surprising determination was that several of the worlds were found to differ from each othermore than the Neanderthal differs from some worlds. scope for phyletic findings: 0.01 to 0.2 permutation sites each million old ages. But, in fact, even the fastest of these rates may be wrong. When Czar Nicholas II and his household were exhumedin 1991, their designations were based on fiting their mtDNA with that of other descendants of the Czar ‘s female parent. These analyses out of the blue revealed immensely more mutational alterations than the phyletic rates predicted.4 Subsequent computations of mutant rates between coevalss proved to be dramatically higher than had been assumed from the longer-range phyletic considerations. In two different surveies, 100s of base brace from the mtDNA control part ( more than in the Neandertal analysis ) were sequenced and intergenerational mutant rates of 1.2–4.0 permutations per myr were derived.5,6 The Eve theory postulates that a recent population-size constriction took topographic point at the clip of mtDNA coalescency in worlds. But if mtDNA mutant rates are so every bit high as the intergenerational analyses indicate, the ‘‘Eve † of these surveies could good hold been a Biblical figure because she would hold lived merely about 6,500 old ages ago. Of class, a population-size constriction this recent is extremely improbable because ‘‘it remains puzzling how the known distribution of human populations and cistrons could hold arisen in the past few thousand old ages. †6 A much more likely account for today ‘s mitochondrial diverseness is that there was no recent population constriction, but that the mtDNA has limited fl uctuation because of choice. It is known that the development of human mtDNA departs from neutrality. Choice can explicate this and the limited fluctuation in human mtDNA by, for illustration, long-run background choice against somewhat hurtful mutants, 7 or by episodes of directional choice, or, possibly a selective sweep.8 Selection is an of import component in mtDNA development because mtDNA does non recombine. Therefore, choice against any part reduces variableness in the full genome. 9 Even on the same chromosome, nonrecombining parts have much lower fluctuation than do recombining parts. One dissentious theory is that choice has reduced mtDNA fluctuation in worlds since the Neandertal lived. A concluding item is related to the claim of Krings and coworkers1 that the Neandertal is every bit related to all life people. This contributes to the perceptual experience that he was genetically isolated from them. But these writers merely presented their comparings for wide continental groups ( Africans, Europeans, and so on ) . A more appropriateanalysis is populational. A comparing of the Feldhofer Neandertal with gene-bank informations for 14 world-wide populations resulted in an mean pairwise difference of 27.3, the same average difference as in the survey by Krings and coworkers.1 But in this instance, pairwise differences for specific populations could be straight examined. These ranged from 21.3 to 33.2: the smallest average difference was between the Neandertal and a sample from Finland. One can conceive of the dissentious theory that might be concocted from these findings. There are others, largely geneticists, who besides have been busy concocting dissentious theories about modern human lineage agree on one point: The Eve theory is wrong.9,11 The job they all reference is that a population constriction terrible plenty to reset mtDNA fluctuation to zero would reset atomic fluctuation as good. Mitochondrial cistrons should retrieve their fluctuation and return to equilibrium much more rapidly because of their higher mutant rate and smaller effectual population size. But it is merely the antonym. MtDNA is out of equilibrium and has small fluctuation, whereas all impersonal atomic cistron systems studied so far are in equilibrium and have more variation.7,8,12 This entirely regulations out a terrible population-size constriction. One late supported theory is that modern worlds are non a new species but descend from a little hereditary group that lived in Africa for at least a million years.13 Others are based on analyses of the beta-globin genes14 and the Y chromosome,15 each of which reveals grounds for important genetic exchanges both out of Africa and into Africa much earlier than the period of mtDNA coalescency, even when the phyletic mutant rate estimations are used. A population-size constriction would hold erased this older fluctuation. But if the Eve theory is incorrect, there is no ground to restrict accounts of the Neandertal mtDNA to past species divergency ; nil to confute the contention that the Neandertal reflects a greater magnitude of mtDNA fluctuation in the yesteryear than in the present ; and nil to take away from the impression that mtDNA can differ dramatically between sections of the same species. Human fluctuation with and without Neandertals is similar to the difference between Pan troglodytes races. In that comparing, Pan troglodytes verus has much more mtDNA fluctuation than does Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii.12So what does the antediluvian DNA mean with regard to the topographic point of Neandertal mans in human development? The deductions are inconclusive. It seems that dodo anatomy still provides cardinal informations about human development. Many Neanderthal characteristics persist in much later post-Neandertal Europeans.16 Furthermore, it is normal to happen mixtures of assorted Neandertal characteristics in Europeanstoday. One recent analysis of Neandertal and early Upper Paleolithic European nonmetric traits indicates that their fluctuation requires Neanderthal alloy of at least 25 % .17 Further survey of these informations estimated an about 6 % Neandertal familial input in modern European cistron pools, a determination that is in line with the pairwise difference analysis ( but does non necessitate ancient mtDNA ) . And what does this mean for the Multiregional theory of development? Here, the reply is clearly nil because multiregionalism means development in more than one part, but non needfully in every region.18 It could be a valid account for human development even if every individual So what does it intend? The antediluvian DNA findings are compatible with both phyletic readings of Neandertal mans: separate species or human race. Neanderthal became nonextant without issue. Human populations do non prevail infinitely or continuously through clip. All of them either go nonextant without issue or merge with other populations. So what does it intend? The antediluvian DNA findings are compatible with both phyletic readings of Neandertal mans: separate species or human race. But there are other, independent grounds for rejecting the impression that Neandertal mans are a different species. Tattersall and I have discussed some of these in old arguments in Evolutionary Anthropology. The fact remains that ‘‘the familial fluctuation between the modern and Neanderthal sequences is within the scope of other species of Primatess. †19 If Neandertal mans are non a separate species and the Feldhofer Neandertal informations prove valid, they give us two of import pieces of information. First, they indicate that if a selective expanse in human mtDNA led to its presently low degree of fluctuation, it was more recent than at least some of the European Neandertals. This could supply independent support for generational clock rates, but extra antediluvian Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis is necessary to analyze this possibility. Second, they remind us that computation of mean effectual population size in the yesteryear from coalescency theory has no relation to the existent figure of engendering females populating then.9,13 Although the sample made up of the Neandertal plus life worlds has a much larger effectual mitochondrial population size than life worlds do, it is unreasonable to reason that there were more people alive during Neandertal times than there are today. Ironically, even as the new informations raise the Neandertalargument to a higher and more interesting rational degree and represent how familial and palaeontological informations can be wed, the political degree of argument sinks to a new low. Mentions 1 Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzid H, Stoneking M, Pa?a?bo S ( 1997 ) Neandertal DNA sequences and the beginning of modern worlds. Cell 90:1–20. 2 Stringer CB, McKie R ( 1997 ) Neandertal mans on the tally. The New York Times 146 ( s4 ) : E15. 3 Tattersall I ( 1998 ) Neandertal cistrons: What do they intend? Evol Anthropol 6:157–158. 4 Edward gibbons A ( 1998 ) Calibrating the mitochondrial clock. Science 279:28–29. 5 Parsons TJ, Muniec DS, Sullivan K ( 1997 ) A high ascertained permutation rate in the human mitochondrial control part. Nature Genet 15: 363–368. 6 Loewe L, Scherer S ( 1997 ) Mitochondrial Eve: The secret plan thickens. Tendencies Ecol Evol 12:422–423, p. 422. 7 Hey J ( 1997 ) Mitochondrial and atomic cistrons present conflicting portrayals of human beginnings. Mol Biol Evol 14:177–172. 8 Wise CA, Sraml M, Easteal S ( 1998 ) Departure from neutrality at the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase fractional monetary unit 2 cistron in worlds, but non in Pan troglodytess. Geneticss 148:409–421. 9 Templeton AR ( 1997 ) Testing the out of africa replacing hypothesis with mitochondrial DNA information. In Clark GA, Willermet CM ( explosive detection systems ) , Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research, pp 329–360 and combined bibliography, pp 437–492. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. 10 Hunley K, Merriwether DA ( 1998 ) The consequence of fossil age on the appraisal of the clip to common ascendant. Paper presented at the 1998 meeting of the Human Biology Association. 11 Ayala FJ ( 1995 ) The myth of Eve: Molecular biological science and human beginnings. Science 270:1930– 1936. 12 Wise CA, Sraml M, Rubinsztein DC, Easteal S ( 1997 ) Comparative atomic and mitochondrial genome diverseness in worlds and Pan troglodytess. Mol Biol Evol 14:707–716. 13 Harpending H, Batzer MA, Gurven M, Jorde LB, Rogers AR, Sherry ST ( 1998 ) Genetic hints of ancient human ecology. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 95:1961–1967. 14 Harding RM, Fullerton SM, Griffiths RC, Bond J, Cox MJ, Schneider JA, Moulin DS, Clegg JB ( 1997 ) Archaic African and Asiatic line of descents in the familial lineage of modern worlds. Am J Hum Genet 60:722–789. 15 HammerMF, Karafet T, Rasanayagam A, Wood ET, Altheide TK, Jenkins T, Griffiths RC, Templeton AR, Zegura SL ( 1998 ) Out of Africa and back once more: Nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome fluctuation. Mol Biol Evol 15:427–441. 16 Frayer DW ( 1993 ) Development at the European border: Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic relationships. Pre?hist Eur 2:9–69. 17 Hawks J ( 1997 ) Have Neandertals left us their cistrons? In Cavalli-Sforza L ( erectile dysfunction ) , Human Development: Abstractions of Documents Presented at the 1997 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Human Evolution Arranged by L.L. Cavalli-Sforza and J.D. Watson, p 81. Cold Spring Seaport: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 18 Relethford JH ( 1995 ) Genetics and modern human beginnings. Evol Anthropol 4:53–63. 19 Ruvolo M, cited in Kahn P, Gibbons A ( 1997 ) Deoxyribonucleic acid from an nonextant homo. Science 277:176–178. Milford Wolpoff Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382 U R 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ISSUES Evolutionary Anthropology 3 How to cite Concocting a Divisive Theory, Essay examples

TURKEY Essays - Ethnic Groups In Turkey, Ethnic Groups In Syria

Turkey is a country, which is located between two continents. These are Europe and Asia. Its neighbors are Greece, in the west, Iran and Iraq in the east, at north lies Russia, and in south is the Mediterranean Sea. It is a very geologically important country. The reason for that is that Turkey controls three different seas, which are the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. The country has a very long history. It is the continuation of the old Ottoman Empire, which has ruled the whole Europe, part of Africa, and most of the Middle East for over three hundred years. This great history makes most of its neighbors very uncomfortable. Over these years, Turkey has been faced with a lot of problems from its neighbors. One of these is the Kurdish problem.At this point, I would like to introduce you the Kurds. The Kurds are the people who live in the Northern part of Iraq, southwest of Iran, and southeastern part of Turkey. The Kurds claim that they are a nation and after t he Serv Agreement they requested a considerable piece of land from those three countries. However, the land that they claim theirs is almost half of Turkey and the north part of Iraq.The Turkish army declared that they were going to invade the northern part of Iraq, to kill the PKK terrorists, and "clean up the region". Also, England, France and Germany asked Italy to hand him over to the Turkish authorities. After a couple of years, PKK announced that their headquarters is in Syria, and their leader is Abdullah Ocalan. This showed that the PKK was weakening in the country region. At that time nobody knew where he was, and all of the Turkish people were upset that again Ocalan has disappeared and slipped through their fingertips. After the 1996 elections, the new government declared that they are going to be even stricter about terrorism in Turkey. In addition the Turkish intelligence has found out that PKK is selling drugs to the European countries and earning incredible profits in hard currency. On the other hand, Turkey has accepted Kurdish people, gave them Turkish citizenship and the equal rights as any ordinary Turkish citizen has. On the other hand, the Kurds were broadcasting untrue information, claiming that the Turkish army was killing regular Kurdish citizens. The reason for this was that their economy began to weaken, and both countries were losing tremendous amounts of money. even a square foot of land will be given to the Kurds. The Turkish authorities know the importance and the results of giving him the death penalty, but on the other hand they are afraid of the protests from the relatives of those fifty thousand people who have lost their lives due to Ocalan and his actions. In this regional war, Turkish government has spent ninety billion dollars and lost fifty five thousand civilians and soldiers. However, the Syrian government denied all of these allegations and didn"tmt make any effort in locating these terrorists. However, Turkish intelli gence tracked Ocalan down in an airport in Rome, Italy.

Journal Writing in the Elementary Classroom

Journal Writing in the Elementary Classroom An effective Journal Writing program doesnt mean you just sit back and relax while your kids write about whatever they want. You can use well-chosen journal topics, classical music, and checklists to make the most of your students daily writing time. In my third grade classroom, students write in journals every day for about 20 minutes. Each day, after read-aloud time, the kids go back to their desks, pull out their journals, and start writing! By writing every day, the students gain fluency while getting a chance to practice important punctuation, spelling, and style skills in context. Most days, I give them a specific topic to write about. On Fridays, the students are so excited because they have free write, which means they get to write about whatever they want! Many teachers let their students write about whatever they want every day. But, in my experience, student writing can tend to get silly with a lack of focus. This way, students stay focused on a particular theme or topic. Journal Writing Tips To start, try this list of my favorite journal writing prompts. Engaging Topics I try to come up with interesting topics that are fun for the kids to write about. You can also try your local teacher supply store for topics or check out a kids books of questions. Just like adults, children are more likely to write in a lively and engaging manner if they are entertained by the topic. Play Music While the students are writing, I play soft classical music. Ive explained to the kids that classical music, especially Mozart, makes you smarter. So, every day, they want to be really quiet so that they can hear the music and get smarter! The music also sets a serious tone for productive, quality writing. Create a Checklist After each student finishes writing, he or she consults a small checklist that is pasted into the inside cover of the journal. The student makes sure that he or she has included all of the important elements for a journal entry. The kids know that, every so often, I will collect the journals and grade them on their latest entry. They dont know when I will collect them so they need to be on their toes. Writing Comments When I collect and grade the journals, I staple one of these small checklists to the corrected page so that the students can see which points they received and which areas need improvement. I also write a short note of comment and encouragement to each student, inside their journals, letting them know that I enjoyed their writing and to keep up the great work. Sharing Work During the last few minutes of Journal time, I ask for volunteers that would like to read their journals out loud to the class. This is a fun sharing time where the other students need to practice their listening skills. Often, they spontaneously start clapping when a classmate has written and shared something really special. As you can see, theres much more to Journal Writing than just setting your students loose with a blank pad of paper. With proper structure and inspiration, children will come to cherish this special writing time as one of their favorite times of the school day. Have fun with it! Edited By: Janelle Cox

Cómo aplicar para no pagar tarifas al USCIS

Cà ³mo aplicar para no pagar tarifas al USCIS Dependiendo de la situacià ³n econà ³mica y del beneficio migratorio que se solicite es posible que un inmigrante pueda beneficiarse de una exencià ³n y no tenga que pagar las tarifas migratorias. Asegà ºrate primero de que calificas para no pagar. Si ese es el caso, en este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo aplicar, quà © evidencia ha que enviar con el formulario y cules pueden ser los riesgos de solicitar esta exencià ³n de pagos al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS), por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Cà ³mo se solicita no pagar por trmites migratorios Los trmites son un poco diferentes segà ºn la razà ³n por la que se solicita no tener que pagar el arancel. Si la razà ³n por la que se solicita es que se es recibe ayuda calificada de means-tested Quà © enviar El formulario (forma) I-912.Evidencia de que se recibe el beneficio: carta u otro documento de la agencia que lo paga (Medicaid, SNAP -cupones de alimentos-, TANF, SSI, etc.). Debe incluir el nombre y apellidos de la persona que se beneficia. Quià ©n puede solicitar la exencià ³n del pago migratorio por esta causa Obviamente, el beneficiado de la ayuda calificada de means-tested. Pero tambià ©n el marido, la mujer, los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os o muchachos en acogimiento familiar en esas mismas circunstancias.Tambià ©n si se es estudiante a tiempo completo y se tiene menos de 24 aà ±os y se est soltero y se vive en el hogar del padre o la madre que recibe ese beneficio. Asimismo, los hijos adultos que viven con progenitores que reciben SSI. Si se recibe algà ºn tipo de ayuda federal o del estado por ingresos bajos y no se sabe con certeza si se califica como means-tested, preguntar a la agencia que paga. Si la razà ³n es vivir en un hogar con ingresos inferiores al 150 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza La là ­nea de la pobreza es una cantidad que establece cada aà ±o el gobierno federal.   Depende del tamaà ±o de la familia, por lo que es fundamental seà ±alar con precisià ³n cuntas personas conforman la unidad familiar. Cà ³mo se computan el nà ºmero de personas que forman la familia Incluirse a: Uno mismo, es decir, la persona que quiere no pagar el trmite migratorio.Incluir el esposo o esposa, a menos que se està © legalmente separado o divorciado.Los hijos u otros nià ±os sobre los que se tiene custodia legal, siempre y cuando sean menores de 21 aà ±os, està ©n solteros y vivan con el solicitante del beneficio de no pagar al USCIS. Tambià ©n se les cuenta si son mayores de esa edad pero menores de 24, solteros, estudian a tiempo completo y viven en el hogar.Los padres del solicitante si tambià ©n viven en la misma vivienda.Los hijos y otras personas sobre las que se tiene custodia legal y estn solteros, con independencia de la edad, si tienen alguna incapacidad fà ­sica o mental que les impide cuidarse por sà ­ mismos. Cà ³mo se computan los ingresos Las personas separadas legalmente o divorciadas deben incluir lo que la ex pareja aporta en concepto de pago de alimentos o alimony. Pero si se aplica para no pagar por la solicitud de un beneficio migratorio relacionado con visa U o T, no es necesario proveer con los ingresos de la ex pareja. Cà ³mo se aplica y quà © documentacià ³n enviar Llenar el formulario I-912Enviar documentos que sirvan como evidencia de tener pocos ingresos: la planilla de impuestos del à ºltimo aà ±o (federal tax returns). Si no se presentà ³, copias de los recibos de la nà ³mina (pay check stub) o una carta del empleador en una papel oficial de la empresa donde describa el salario que se recibe. Si no hay ingresos de ningà ºn tipo, entonces explicarla la situacià ³n en inglà ©s en la seccià ³n 6 del formulario.Evidencia de las personas que forman la unidad familiar. Si se envà ­a el tax return, deberà ­a estar ahà ­ indicado. Si no es asà ­ o se envà ­a otra evidencia entonces habr que identificar a los miembros de la familia.Si una de las personas que vive en el hogar familiar aporta ms del 50 por ciento del soporte econà ³mico del solicitante, enviar la copia ms reciente de los Federal tax returns de esa persona. Adems, si la persona que solicita no pagar los trmites migratorios es un Inmigrante Especial Juvenil o se aplica a su nombre es necesario enviar evidencia de: Orden del estado o de la corte que establece la custodia de ese Inmigrante Especial.Carta del hogar de acogida o de la agencia que supervisa la custodia en la que se describe que la persona no tiene recursos para pagar.Notificacià ³n de aprobacià ³n conocida como planilla I-797. Si la razà ³n por la que se solicita la exencià ³n del pago es por estar atravesando una situacià ³n econà ³mica difà ­cil En ocasiones no se recibe beneficios considerados como means-tested ni los ingresos son inferiores al 150 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza. Sin embargo, todavà ­a serà ­a posible aplicar para no tener que pagar por un trmite migratorio con el USCIS si se est atravesando por una situacià ³n de dificultad econà ³mica. Por ejemplo, si recià ©n se ha perdido el empleo, o si ha habido gastos inesperados grandes, como los ocasionados por una enfermedad, accidente, etc. Cà ³mo se solicita   y quà © evidencias enviar Llenar el formulario I-912En la seccià ³n 6 describir la situacià ³n de dificultad econà ³mica.Incluir informacià ³n sobre todo tipo de ingresos   y bienes, como dinero en efectivo o en cuentas bancarias, propiedades de bienes raà ­ces, inversiones en bolsa o de otro tipo, bonos del tesoro, anualidades (excepto los de planes de pensiones).   Enviar evidencia de todo ello. Si se recibe ayuda de una iglesia u otra organizacià ³n comunitaria, es necesaria una declaracià ³n jurada (affidvit) donde se seà ±ala lo que se recibe.Incluir informacià ³n y evidencias sobre los gastos, como es el pago de la renta, de la hipoteca, costo de la comida, cuidado de nià ±os o ancianos, gastos mà ©dicos, facturas a abogados u otras de tipo legal, pagos mensuales como pensià ³n alimenticia, gastos de matrà ­cula para estudiar, transporte para trabajar, etc. Cà ³mo se llena la planilla I-912 Deben seguirse las reglas generales para completar cualquier formulario del USCIS. Es fundamenta no olvidarse de firmar.A la hora de enviar las evidencias, a menos que se pida expresamente el original, es suficiente con una copia que se pueda leer bien.Si algà ºn documento est escrito en un idioma que no sea el inglà ©s, debe traducirse. No es necesario pagar a un traductor oficial ya que se puede hacerse siguiendo este modelo de carta. Cundo se envà ­a la peticià ³n con la planilla I-912   y las evidencias Al mismo tiempo que se envà ­a el formulario de la aplicacià ³n o solicitud para la que se pide no tener que pagar. Incluirla en el mismo sobre.   Si se aprueba tambià ©n automticamente aplicar para los servicios biomà ©tricos requeridos para la peticià ³n. A dà ³nde se envà ­a el formulario con la peticià ³n Como se envà ­a en el mismo sobre que la aplicacià ³n o solicitud migratoria para la que se pide la exencià ³n del pago, el lugar al que se tienen que enviar es precisamente la que està © establecida para este tipo de solicitud. Quà © pasa si el USCIS no acepta la solicitud de no pagar Devuelve todo el expediente con una carta seà ±alando la razà ³n. Se puede volver a solicitar si faltà ³ evidencia o se puede enviar la solicitud pero aà ±adiendo el pago completo que corresponda a la tarifa. Es importantà ­simo leer bien la carta que se recibe del USCIS. En algunos casos se establece un plazo dentro del cual es necesario enviar la documentacià ³n. Tips Mentir en un documento oficial del USCIS si se descubre la mentira puede tener importantes consecuencias negativas. Antes de enviar la peticià ³n para no pagar conviene consultar con un abogado o con una organizacià ³n sin fin de lucro de ayuda a los inmigrantes. La razà ³n es que puede tener consecuencias migratorias negativas si: A la hora de analizar la aplicacià ³n o solicitud principal que se hace (no la de la exencià ³n del pago, si no la del beneficio migratorio), si se considera que el inmigrante puede convertirse en una carga pà ºblica se negarà ­a la solicitud.O si se demuestra que el inmigrante se convirtià ³ en una carga pà ºblica en los cinco aà ±os siguientes a su entrada por motivos que existà ­an ya antes. En este caso, podrà ­a dictarse una orden de deportacià ³n.Si el solicitante es residente permanente y una persona firmà ³ por à ©l o ella un affidvit, el firmante puede todavà ­a ser responsable de apoyar econà ³micamente   y puede ser demandada para reclamar gastos incurridos por el gobierno. Decisià ³n del USCIS El USCIS decide si concederla solicitud de no pagar y su decisià ³n es final e inapelable.